Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Repurposing auranofin as an intestinal decolonizing agent for vancomycin-resistant enterococci

doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-26674-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC, µg/mL) of auranofin and control antibiotics against VRE isolates used in the study.

Article Snippet: Auranofin, linezolid (Chem-impex International, Wood Dale, IL), ampicillin (Peosta, IA), vancomycin hydrochloride (Gold Biotechnology, St. Louis, MO), gentamicin sulfate (Fisher Bioreagents, Fairlawn, NJ), and ramoplanin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) were purchased commercially.

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Isolation, Infection

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Repurposing auranofin as an intestinal decolonizing agent for vancomycin-resistant enterococci

doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-26674-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: Time-kill assay for Auranofin linezolid, ramoplanin, tested at ( A ) 3 × MIC and ( B ) 6 × MIC. E . faecium HM 952 was aerobically incubated with the indicated concentrations of the drugs, in triplicates, for 72 hours at 37 °C and samples were counted at the indicated time points.

Article Snippet: Auranofin, linezolid (Chem-impex International, Wood Dale, IL), ampicillin (Peosta, IA), vancomycin hydrochloride (Gold Biotechnology, St. Louis, MO), gentamicin sulfate (Fisher Bioreagents, Fairlawn, NJ), and ramoplanin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) were purchased commercially.

Techniques: Time-Kill Assay, Incubation

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Repurposing auranofin as an intestinal decolonizing agent for vancomycin-resistant enterococci

doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-26674-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: Multi-step resistance selection of auranofin, gentamicin, linezolid, and ramoplanin against VRE strain E . faecium HM 952. VRE was serially passaged with drugs for 14 days and the broth microdilution assay was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of each drug against VRE after each successive passage. A 4-fold increase in the MIC is considered resistance.

Article Snippet: Auranofin, linezolid (Chem-impex International, Wood Dale, IL), ampicillin (Peosta, IA), vancomycin hydrochloride (Gold Biotechnology, St. Louis, MO), gentamicin sulfate (Fisher Bioreagents, Fairlawn, NJ), and ramoplanin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) were purchased commercially.

Techniques: Selection, Microdilution Assay, Concentration Assay

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Repurposing auranofin as an intestinal decolonizing agent for vancomycin-resistant enterococci

doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-26674-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: The anti-biofilm activity of auranofin against E . faecalis NR 31972. ( A ) Biofilm inhibition activity of auranofin; Sub-inhibitory concentrations of the drugs were added at the same time with the bacteria in TSB + 1% glucose and incubated for 24 hours at 37 °C, then the biofilm density was measured using crystal violet. ( B ) Biofilm eradication activity of auranofin; The bacteria were incubated for 24 hours in TSB + 1% glucose to allow for the formation of mature biofilm. Drugs were then added and incubated with the bacterial biofilm for additional 24 hours before the biofilm density was measured. (*) Denotes significant difference from the DMSO treated control, while (‡) denotes a significant difference from the linezolid treated wells at equal concentration.

Article Snippet: Auranofin, linezolid (Chem-impex International, Wood Dale, IL), ampicillin (Peosta, IA), vancomycin hydrochloride (Gold Biotechnology, St. Louis, MO), gentamicin sulfate (Fisher Bioreagents, Fairlawn, NJ), and ramoplanin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) were purchased commercially.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Inhibition, Bacteria, Incubation, Concentration Assay

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Repurposing auranofin as an intestinal decolonizing agent for vancomycin-resistant enterococci

doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-26674-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: Bacterial counts of E . faecium HM-952 in the fecal samples of the mice. Infected mice were orally treated with auranofin (0.5 mg/kg), linezolid (10 mg/kg) and ramoplanin (10 mg/kg) daily for 8 days, one group was left untreated. Fecal samples were freshly collected from each group in days 0, 3, 5 and 7 post treatment. (*) Denotes significant difference from the untreated group (P < 0.05).

Article Snippet: Auranofin, linezolid (Chem-impex International, Wood Dale, IL), ampicillin (Peosta, IA), vancomycin hydrochloride (Gold Biotechnology, St. Louis, MO), gentamicin sulfate (Fisher Bioreagents, Fairlawn, NJ), and ramoplanin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) were purchased commercially.

Techniques: Infection

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Repurposing auranofin as an intestinal decolonizing agent for vancomycin-resistant enterococci

doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-26674-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: Bacterial counts of E. faecium HM 952 in ( A ) cecum and ( B ) ileum contents of the mice. Infected mice (5/group) were orally treated with auranofin (0.5 mg/kg), linezolid (10 mg/kg) and ramoplanin (10 mg/kg) daily for 8 days, one group was left untreated. Cecum and ileum contents were collected on day 9. (*) Denotes significant difference from the untreated group (P < 0.05) (#) denotes significant difference from the Linezolid-treated group (P < 0.05).

Article Snippet: Auranofin, linezolid (Chem-impex International, Wood Dale, IL), ampicillin (Peosta, IA), vancomycin hydrochloride (Gold Biotechnology, St. Louis, MO), gentamicin sulfate (Fisher Bioreagents, Fairlawn, NJ), and ramoplanin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) were purchased commercially.

Techniques: Infection